In a sharp divergence from the guidelines of some scientific
organizations and the laws of other states, such as California, which forbid
such payments, New
York last week became the first state to allow taxpayer-funded researchers
to pay women for eggs usable in stem cell research. The decision is
controversial, both because of the underlying debate surrounding stem cell
research, and because of a lingering conviction in some quarters that women
should not receive payment in exchange for reproductive material.
Payment has long been provided for eggs to be used in
fertility treatments -- data suggest that in 2006 alone nearly 55,000 children
in the United States were born through assisted reproduction, more than 7500 of
whom were created through the use of “donated” eggs. (See here for
the source of this and all other facts and figures in this post). Nonetheless, controversy continues to
surround the issue of payments to egg donors, as exemplified by the caps on payment adopted in New York: the Empire State Stem Cell Board ruling
requires researchers to follow the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM)
compensation guidelines, which state that “sums of $5000 or more require
justification and sums above $10,000 go beyond what is appropriate.”
The New York payment limits are sufficiently high that they
are unlikely to have any practical affect on the ability to pay and recruit egg
donors for stem cell research. Egg
donor compensation in the United States varies widely, with prices as low as
$1,500 and as high as $150,000 reported, but surveys of fertility clinics and
donor agencies listed with the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology
report average compensation rates per donation cycle of $4217 and $5200,
respectively, although there are reasons to believe that these figures may understate
the true national average.
Nonetheless, I was disappointed to see New York follow the
trend of attempting to limit compensation to women for the provision of a
valuable, time-consuming, and uncomfortable service that poses some health
risks. As I argue here, the
ASRM oocyte-donor compensation guidelines amount to horizontal price-fixing of
the type long considered per se
illegal in other industries. Moreover,
the continued insistence (in the face of substantial evidence to the contrary)
that egg donors are—and should be—motivated primarily by altruism and the
desire to help others, rather than by the desire for monetary compensation, is problematic
on a variety of levels.
The contrast is particularly stark in comparison with the
presumed motivations of sperm donors, who are recruited through materials that
ask, “Why not get paid for it?” and advertise, “your sperm can earn!” In fact,
the insistence that sperm donors are motivated primarily by a desire for
monetary compensation is so strong that potential donors expressing altruistic
motivations are frequently viewed with suspicion and presumed to harbor an
egomaniacal desire to propagate.
Finally, maximum wage restrictions are an odd – one might
argue, backwards -- response to concerns over the financial coercion of poor
women. The ability of any sum to
coerce action is a direct function of that person’s financial need. Egg donor compensation caps, without
reference to the potential donor’s financial status, do nothing to address financial
coercion objections. Ironically,
the most likely effect of the ASRM price cap is to drive from the market for
eggs used in fertility treatments the most highly desired egg donors, who tend
to be better-educated and of a higher socioeconomic status. These donors should be in a better
position to evaluate the risks of egg donation against the monetary benefits
and should be less susceptible to the “coercive” effects of monetary
compensation, because they are more likely to have other income opportunities
to choose from.
Absent a significant shift in the societal conception of motherhood,
it may be the case that appeals to altruistic impulses will always play a vital
role in the manner by which our society understands egg donation and even in
the way that egg donors understand themselves. But the fertility and stem cell industries are big business
in this and other countries, and the persistent dialogue of gift-giving and
altruistic donation that surrounds egg “donation” may help to obscure its highly
commercial nature and the potential industry benefits of controlling egg
prices.
Related Post: A New Meaning To "Nest Egg"
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